by Jean Imbs and Laurent Pauwels Exposure to foreign shocks is often thought to be highly dependent on foreign trade and measures of openness usually build exclusively on measures of direct trade. This column argues that in a world of global value chains, focusing on direct trade gives a distorted view of the exposure to[…]

By Thorsten Beck, Francesco Mazzaferro, Richard Portes, Jean Quin, and Christian Schett On 27 May, the ESRB General Board adopted a wide-ranging recommendation to suspend pay-outs across different segments of the European financial system until the end of 2020. This column discusses why arguments for such restrictions weigh stronger than ownership and management rights during[…]